The human body is a complex system where everything is connected. Although it may seem surprising, periodontal disease is deeply linked to other ailments outside the mouth. Studies have shown a relationship between periodontal disease and other conditions such as heart disease, strokes, and pathologies. However, one of the most relevant relationships it has is with diabetes. Although the mechanism linking these two conditions has not been fully understood, it is proven that a bidirectional relationship exists between them. In this article, we will discuss periodontal disease, diabetes, and the relationship between them.
Periodontal Disease
Periodontitis is one of the most common diseases affecting the world's population. It is an inflammatory disease consisting of a microbiological colonization in the subgingival area (between the gums and the tooth), often caused by biofilm and tartar. This leads to bone mass loss and the formation of pockets in the gums. Additionally, the most common symptoms are inflammation, gum bleeding, dental pockets, tooth mobility, and in advanced stages, tooth loss.
Diabetes
It is defined as a metabolic disorder characterized by
elevated blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. Additionally,
it is divided into two types:
Type 1 Diabetes: consists of an autoimmune
response leading to the destruction of insulin-producing β
cells in the pancreas. Therefore, it results in the need for
insulin injections to compensate for the lack of insulin due
to poor production.
Type 2 Diabetes: accounts for 90% of cases
worldwide. This type of diabetes is caused by insulin
resistance, which reduces the ability of glucose to be
transferred from the bloodstream to cells and causes
hyperglycemia.
What Does Blood Sugar Have to Do with Periodontal Disease?
Studies have shown that diabetes is directly associated with
a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis. Patients
with controlled glucose levels have a lower risk of
periodontitis complications due to diabetes. However, poor
glycemic control exponentially increases the risk and extent
of periodontitis by 2-3 times.
Diabetes also delays the mucosal wound healing rate, which
prolongs the time it takes to recover from periodontitis. On
the other hand, it has also been proven that severe
periodontitis is associated with compromised glycemic
control. Studies have also shown a higher rate of diabetes
complications, such as neuropathy and cardiovascular
diseases, in diabetic patients with periodontitis.
Additionally, moderate and severe periodontitis can predict
the onset of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
How Does It Work?
The actual mechanism linking both diseases has not been
fully understood. However, the most popular hypotheses state
that both diseases could share a common or similar origin,
leading to disease susceptibility by the host or a direct
causal relationship in which diabetes triggers an
inflammatory reaction in cells.
In conclusion, diabetes and periodontitis are common
diseases worldwide.
As a diabetic patient, it is vital to understand the
relationship between them. Additionally, since it usually
does not hurt, periodontitis often goes unnoticed.
Therefore, regular dental appointments are vital to prevent
complications and maintain a healthy life.