The human body is a complex system where everything is connected. Although it may seem surprising, periodontal disease is deeply linked to other ailments outside the mouth. Studies have shown a relationship between periodontal disease and other conditions such as heart disease, strokes, and other pathologies. However, one of the most relevant relationships it has is with diabetes. Although the mechanism linking these two conditions has not been fully understood, it is proven that a bidirectional relationship exists between them. In this article, we will discuss periodontal disease, diabetes, and the relationship between them.
Diabetes
It is defined as a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood sugar levels or hyperglycemia. Additionally, it is divided into two types:
Periodontal Disease
Periodontitis is one of the most common diseases affecting the global population. It is an inflammatory disease consisting of a microbiological colonization in the subgingival area (between the gums and the tooth), often caused by biofilm and tartar. This leads to bone loss and the formation of pockets in the gums. Additionally, the most common symptoms are inflammation, bleeding gums, dental pockets, tooth mobility, and in advanced stages, tooth loss.
- Type 1 Diabetes: consists of an autoimmune response that leads to the destruction of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. Therefore, it results in the need for insulin injections to compensate for the lack thereof due to poor production.
- Type 2 Diabetes: accounts for 90% of cases worldwide. This type of diabetes is caused by insulin resistance, which reduces the ability of glucose to be transferred from the bloodstream to cells and causes hyperglycemia.
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What does blood sugar have to do with periodontal
disease?
Studies have shown that diabetes is directly associated with a higher prevalence and severity of periodontitis. Patients with controlled glucose levels have a lower risk of periodontitis complications due to diabetes. However, poor glycemic control exponentially increases the risk and extent of periodontitis by 2-3 times. Diabetes also delays the mucosal wound healing rate, which prolongs the time it takes to recover from periodontitis. On the other hand, it is also proven that severe periodontitis is associated with compromised glycemic control. Studies have also shown a higher rate of diabetes complications, such as neuropathy and cardiovascular disease, in diabetic patients with periodontitis. Additionally, moderate and severe periodontitis can predict the onset of nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes.
How Does It Work?
The actual mechanism linking both diseases has not been fully understood. However, the most popular hypotheses state that both diseases could share a common or similar origin, leading to disease susceptibility by the host or a direct causal relationship in which diabetes triggers an inflammatory reaction in cells. In conclusion, diabetes and periodontitis are common diseases worldwide. As a diabetic patient, it is vital to understand the relationship between them. Additionally, since it usually doesn't hurt, periodontitis often goes unnoticed. Therefore, regular dental appointments are vital to prevent complications and maintain a healthy life.